Topic: The
origin of democracy
Abstract:
This paper seeks to
provide an improved understanding of the origins of democracy. It submits that
exogenous economic conditions had influenced both the incentives to establish
democratic institutions and the likelihood that such institutions survive. It
is argued that democratic institutions would expand where they mitigate
important time-inconsistency problems and,
therefore, encourage investment.
Exogenous conditions determine the magnitude of those time-inconsistency
problems and, hence, the likelihood of democracy. A comparison of ancient Greek
city-states suggests that the conditions under which democracy first emerged
support the model. Other potential applications are discussed as regards the
ancient-day democracies and contemporary times.
Introduction
The democratic form of
government has fascinated philosophers since the first democracies appeared in
ancient Greece about 2500 years ago. (Indeed, democracy is a Greek word,
meaning rule by the demos, or people. Plato, for example, regarded democracy
suspiciously, but viewed certain manifestations as preferable to others.
Aristotle theorized about the emergence of democracy, tracing its development
in a series of steps. Modern democracy differs in many ways from the Greek
version, but it fascinates modern scholars to the same degree. Particularly in
recent years, economists have become greatly concerned with the question of how
different democratic institutions arise, and what underlies their persistence
in some cases and failure in others.
THEORETICAL APPEALS ON DEMOCRATIC RULE
In
order to improve understanding of the origins and persistence of the democratic
form of government, this paper develops a theoretical model and applies it to
the first democracies: the poleis (city-states) of ancient Greece. The analysis
would begin from the general premise that time-inconsistency problems create
incentives for governments to find ways to constrain their power (e.g., Kydland
and Prescott 1977, 1980). The model would present a stylized aristocrat
deciding whether to extend political rights to an initially disenfranchised
demo. Without political . .
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